![]() ![]() stdev() for calculating the sample standard deviation, and.In my experience, there are three libraries that are best suited for calculating it: Many different Python libraries provide options for calculating the standard deviation of different values. μ is the mean (average) value in the data setĬalculating the Standard Deviation in Python.xi represents every value in the data set.The standard deviation formulas look like this: ![]() Instead of dividing by the number of data points in the sample (n), the equation uses (n-1) as the denominator. In contrast, the formula for sample standard deviation is similar but has a slight adjustment. ![]() The formula for calculating population standard deviation is given by the square root of the average of the squared differences between each data point and the population mean. The population standard deviation pertains to the entire data set, while the sample standard deviation concerns a subset or sample of the population. Population and sample standard deviations are two types of standard deviation calculations. Similarly, we can use the z-score to see how many standard deviations a value is away from the mean. This is where the standard deviation is important. Two data sets could have the same average value but could be entirely different in terms of how those values are distributed. However, a large standard deviation means that the values are further away from the mean. But how do you interpret a standard deviation?Ī small standard deviation means that most of the numbers are close to the mean (average) value. Standard deviation is a helpful way to measure how “spread out” values in a data set are. Understanding the different ways of calculating the standard deviation in Python What is Standard Deviation? When you need to use the standard library only The table below breaks down the different ways of calculating the standard deviation in Python and when to use which method. The Quick Answer: Calculating Standard Deviation in Python Calculate the Standard Deviation of a Dictionary’s Values in Python.Calculate the Standard Deviation of a List in Python.How to Calculate the Standard Deviation From Scratch in Python.Using Pandas to Calculate the Standard Deviation.Using NumPy to Calculate the Standard Deviation.Using Python statistics to Calculate the Standard Deviation in Python.Calculating the Standard Deviation in Python.The Quick Answer: Calculating Standard Deviation in Python.I often need to use this alphabet when I’m trying to writing machine learning content and I want to use the the actual mathematical equation. Hopefully this post comes in handy to others that are looking to use the Greek Alphabet in a Jupyter Notebook. There are currently 1283 latex symbols that are usable in a Jupyter notebook, I don’t think I will ever get around to using them all but in the event I want find a specific one I now have a source of truth. The complete Greek alphabet can be seen here, along with a little history about it. This is pretty simple, and not only does it work in markdown cells but it also works within code cells as well. To use them you simply type \Alpha then hit tab and there you have an \alpha character. In case you didn’t know Jupyter notebooks have special tab completions for a whole lot of special characters. So, I decided today that I was going to write this down here so I could reference this next time, and hopefully it helps others as well. But as I don’t use them too often at the moment I often forget how to.Īs a result, I will spend several minutes digging around on the internet for how a particular character is typed in a Jupyter notebook. I often find myself wanting to use a Greek Alphabet character when I’m putting together an article or within a Jupyter notebook. I often want to use characters from the Greek Alphabet in a Jupyter Notebook, and I’m hoping you do too if you’ve stumbled upon this post. ![]()
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![]() My mother had the most wonderful outlook on death. There are so many things I won't live long enough to find out about, but I'm still curious about them."ĭespite the loss of many people close to her, White told "Sunday Morning" she wasn't afraid of death herself. "Don't try to be young," she told The AP. She was also a role model for how to grow old joyously. She was voted Entertainer of the Year by The Associated Press. ![]() At age 88 she became the oldest guest host of "Saturday Night Live" following a social media campaign targeting the show's producers and she was invited onto the pilot of the sitcom "Hot in Cleveland" – and ended up staying through 124 episodes. She wrote, produced and hosted a syndicated TV show, "The Pet Set."īut by 2010, when she appeared in a Snickers candy bar commercial, White became America's senior citizen sweetheart – a sweet old lady with a hip, naughty side, and a penchant for bawdy humor. She followed that series with "The Golden Girls," playing the sweet, naïve Rose Nylund, and winning a third Emmy.Ī self-proclaimed workaholic, White continued making numerous guest appearances on shows, in addition to authoring more than a half-dozen books, and raising money for animal causes. "And they'd ask my husband, Allen Ludden, they'd ask, 'How close to Betty is Sue Ann?' He said, 'Well, they're the same, except Betty can't cook, of course.'" "She was the neighborhood nymphomaniac," White told "Sunday Morning" in 2011. White played the part hilariously, and became a fixture of the series, winning two of her five Emmy Awards for the role. She was a welcome presence throughout the '60s on such game shows as "To Tell the Truth," "What's My Line?," "Liar's Club," "It Takes Two," and "Password," where she met her husband, host Allen Ludden.ĭuring the fourth season of "The Mary Tyler Moore Show," one script described a character, Sue Ann Nivens, as "a sickeningly sweet Betty White type." Sweet – as well as scheming, conniving, and laughably lustful. In the '50s she starred in the sitcom "Life With Elizabeth," and her own talk program, "The Betty White Show." After the war, when she served as a member of the American Women's Voluntary Services, she began hosting a live variety show, "Hollywood on Television," in 1949. ![]() The Associated Press contributed to this gallery.įor generations, the actress, comedian and television presenter Betty White (January 17, 1922-December 31, 2021) was one of TV's most familiar and beloved faces, often hilariously playing against the sweet image of her smiling eyes and dimpled cheeks on the series "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" and "The Golden Girls."īorn in Oak Park, Illinois, and raised in California during the Great Depression, White performed on radio and for an experimental TV station in Los Angeles in the 1930s. Betty White, of "The Mary Tyler Moore Show." | CBS Photo Archive Getty ImagesĪ look back at the esteemed personalities who left us this year, who'd touched us with their innovation, creativity and humanity.īy senior producer David Morgan. ![]() ![]() ![]() Most recently, Miller composed the music for the Oscar nominated film Marshall (2017) directed by Reginald Hudlin and starring Chadwick Boseman as a young Thurgood Marshall and Emmy-award-winning actor Sterling Brown from the hit TV series This Is Us. Marcus also supplied the music for the successful weekly TV series Everybody Hates Chris, currently in syndication. Idris Elba and Chris Brown - 2007) the Chris Rock cult classic Good Hair (2009) and About Last Night (feat. Vivica Fox, Gabrielle Union, Morris Chestnut and Anthony Anderson - 2001) This Christmas (feat. Tupac Shakur and Marlon Wayans -1994) Two Can Play That Game (feat. Kid ‘N Play - 1990) the Eddie Murphy/Halle Berry classic film Boomerang (1992) Above The Rim (feat. His film scores include the cult-classic House Party( feat. Miller rose from writing the go-go mega hit ‘Da Butt’ for Spike Lee’s 1988 film School Daze to becoming the go-to composer for over 20 top urban movies. Most Miller aficionados know that as a composer, Miller has an endless list of film and television credits to his name. Not only did the album win two Grammy awards, it is considered to be one of the definitive Miles Davis albums of our time. The album and title song, which Miller composed, produced, arranged and performed on, is widely regarded as a significant addition to the canon of contemporary jazz music. ![]() Most notable, after several years of touring in Miles Davis’ band in the early 80’s, Miller developed a close professional and personal relationship with Davis which led to his collaboration on three critically acclaimed albums - the most famous being the ground-breaking album and title song Tutu, making Miller the last primary producer, arranger and composer for this great jazz legend. Miller also left an indelible mark on the careers of artists as varied and talented as David Sanborn, Roberta Flack, Aretha Franklin, Chaka Khan, Al Jarreau, Bob James, Lalah Hathaway and Wayne Shorter. It was the last # 1 R & B album for twelve years before Vandross’ mega cross-over pop hit Dance With My Father in 2001. In addition to these career highlights, Miller has a rich and very deep resume of outstanding collaborations, including a 15- year song-writing and production partnership with Luther Vandross, resulting in 13 consecutive platinum selling albums of which Miller Produced 7, and a double Grammy win in 1992 - for the double platinum selling album Power Of Love/Love Power winning “Best R & B Vocal” as well as “Best R & B Song”. Bass Player Magazine includes him on its list of ten most influential jazz players of this generation. With his distinctive style - a unique combination of funk, groove, soul and pure technical skills - Miller has been referred to as one of the most significant bass players in jazz, R &B, fusion and soul. His characteristic bass sound can be heard on a limitless catalog of musical hits from Bill Wither’s “Just The Two Of Us”, to Luther Vandross’ “Never Too Much”, to songs from Chaka Khan, David Sanborn, Herbie Hancock, Eric Clapton, Aretha Franklin, George Benson, Elton John and Bryan Ferry to name a few. At the top of his game for over 30 years, he is a two-time Grammy award winner, (U.S.), winner of the 2013 Edison Award for Lifetime Achievement In Jazz (Holland), winner of the 2010 Victoire du Jazz (France) and in 2013, was appointed a UNESCO Artist For Peace. ![]() Marcus Miller has been dubbed one of the most influential artists of our time. ![]() ![]() But which was more disturbing - the door activity, or the fact that when Nick called out and opened the door, Katrina was still wrapped up like a sleeping bag burrito? Put that ghost in his place, girl! Two snaps! It’s all in a night’s work for Paranormal Lockdown UKĪnother great piece of evidence in this episode is when Groff was going in to wake up Weidman one morning after a long night of investigating.Ī door is caught on camera slamming toward him, then closing between the pair. While she’s not known to provoke or be aggressive, suffice it to say that Weidman pushed back. Then at least one male entity wasn’t so nice and tried to tell Weidman to shut up, referring to her by a rather nasty name. Which is to say, if it had been contamination, Groff and Weidman would have almost certainly ruled that out and debunked it. However, Paranormal Lockdown UK fans generally have faith in the duo as one of the more low-key, honest, and thorough paranormal investigating teams out there. ![]() In fact, it was so clear that you almost have to doubt its authenticity as possible contamination from outside. The Park Hotel proved it didn’t need a whole lot of warm up to get going as one of the first paranormal experiences for Nick and Katrina was possibly the clearest, loudest woman’s scream in the history of paranormal television. (Yeah, I still want to live there too.) Weidman and Groff hear paranormal screams and a less than gentlemanly ghost So how many Paranormal Lockdown UK fans still want to live there? That’s not even getting into all the possible rituals and séances and whatever else the rich and bored got up to behind these walls. There’s also been another suicide on the premises, when someone hung themselves in the same tower but hung themselves outside the building, dangling on the exterior of the hotel to create quite a gruesome scene. The hotel is the site of a woman who was murdered by her husband, who subsequently hung himself in the hotel tower. ![]() ![]() Unfortunately, Paranormal Lockdown UK also revealed that anyone moving into this hotel would find that they had a number of uninvited roommates, to put it mildly. Nick Groff and Katrina Weidman at the Park Hotel in England, where they were the first team ever to investigate the location. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Is equal to the acceleration of- due to the force of gravityįor an object in free fall is going to be negative 9.8 Times the sine of 53 degrees, times our change in time, The first time we doĪ new type of problem, it's good to know- so 90 And remember, it's negativeīecause our displacement is going to be downwards. Write the units here just so that we don't take up Negative 16 meters, right? Because 25 minus 9 is 16. The vertical direction is going to be equal This thing is traveling, it will be displaced Out how long were in the air? So what is the displacement? If we're starting In time plus the acceleration, times the change in time The vertical direction right here- times the change ![]() We know that the displacement isĮqual to the initial velocity- and we're dealing with Let me just copy and paste this a little bit We can use the formula that we derived in Or the same magnitudeĪnd velocity but the opposite direction. Off at, it's going to be the same velocity but Reasoning, that hey, whatever velocity we start And especially since we'reĭealing with different levels, we can't use that more basic Horizontal component is equal to 90 timesįigure out how long this thing stays in the air? Well, we'll use the Over the hypotenuse, over 90, is equal to the Cosine is adjacentĬomponent of our velocity, I'll say in the x direction, The horizontal component, the horizontal side Magnitude of that side is going to be equal to 90 Over the magnitude of our original vector. That's the verticalĭirection, over the length of the hypotenuse, It's the magnitude of the vertical velocity. Opposite side, is equal to the vertical velocity. Trigonometry sine of an angle is opposite This side right over here? Well, this is the opposite side. The vertical componentĬomponent of the vector- what would be the length of We're going to assume that air resistanceĭid in the last video- and I'll go through all of the And then you use the horizontalĬomponent to figure out, given how long it's in theĪir, how far did it travel. You use the verticalĬomponent to figure out how long it's going Vector into its horizontal and vertical components. You'll always want to do is divide your velocity Vertical direction as soon as it leaves the muzzle. Meters, because that's when it's leaving the muzzle. We're launching it from an altitude of 25 ![]() I know in the last video,Įven though I drew the cannon like this, we Launching this from a height of 25 meters. Over here, let's say that that is 25 meters. Launched from- so from the muzzle of theĬannon down to here. And just to give ourselvesĪ sense of the heights, or how high it's being To have it come out of the muzzle of the cannon Let me do it this way, just to make it 100% clear. Let me draw this aįire the projectile at an angle of- let me To launch the projectile off of a platform. More complicated two-dimensional projectile Vf^2=Vi^2+2ad (Vi=90sin53 and a=9.8 and d=16) so Vf=74.03m/s.Now its is time to find how long it took to fall this 16m.then Vf=Vi+at (Vf=74.03 Vi=71.88 a=9.8)and a=+9.8 because gravity is helping its Velocity =0.22s (time it takes to fall the 16m).final time in the air will be 14.67s+0.22= 14.89s.then to get the X-distance just use D=V*t.(D=90cos53*14.89= 806.5m.Sorry for the long winded explanation. There is another way (using basic algebra.takes forever).For Y(direction).You will need to use.Vf=Vi+at (Vf=0 Vi=90sin53 a=-9.8) t=7.33(this is just the time up) but total air time would be (7.3344*2= 14.67s).to land on its original horizontal axis.and a=-9.8 because the object is going up and gravity is slowing its upward velocity.to where Vf=0 at 7.3344s).Now as the objects falls, since the y-direction s as if Vi=0 and Vf=90sin53.as it returns to its horizontal reference.BUT once it falls below it.we have a new calculation.to consider.Our Vi=90sin53 because it has an initial velocity but we now do not know its new final velocity.We have to find it. He knows that Juniors and Seniors in high school and college know the quadratic equation. Sal, worked this problem in such a way to avoid using several other algebraic equations. ![]() ![]() ![]() When you add a new line with Verizon, you can save up to $1,000 in bill credits (for 24 or 30 months) when you trade in your old or damaged phone, and then receive an extra $500 virtual prepaid Mastercard as a rebate when you activate the new service on your new iPhone 13. For the iPhone 13 Pro and iPhone 13 Pro Max, customers can save up to $1,000 with qualified activation and a trade-in of an iPhone 11 or newer.ĭeals from cellular service providers, including Verizon, AT&T and T-Mobile, are also being offered directly through Best Buy.ĪARP members, military personnel, first responders, teachers, nurses and physicians, union members, and students can take advantage of the AT&T Signature Program to save $10/month per phone line on an AT&T Unlimited Elite plan and have activation or upgrade fees waved (for select activations or upgrades). You then have 14 days to send in the old phone.īest Buy is offering up to $720 off an iPhone 13 Mini or iPhone 13 with a qualified activation and trade-in of an iPhone 8 or newer. ![]() If you’ve scheduled a trade-in, a separate shipping box with directions for sending in your old phone will be provided. Keep in mind, on orders placed immediately, Apple is reporting orders of some iPhone 13 models will deliver between October 12 and November 1 (or later), although same-day pickup at a local Apple Store may be available. Once you’ve finalized your purchase, Apple will ship your phone immediately (unless a backorder situation applies). The benefit to using Apple Card is that in addition to zero percent interest, you get 3% cash back on the full cost of the phone right away and there are no early payment penalties. ![]() ![]() The Apple website will then display a chart showing you the monthly payment installment plans offered by your selected carrier, Apple, and if you opt to pay for your purchase using an Apple Card. Next, choose to pay for the new phone in full, or select the “Pay Monthly” option. However, if you’re trading in a working iPhone SE (second generation), expect the trade-in value to be around $170. For example, if you’re purchasing a new iPhone 13 Pro Max and trading in a fully functional iPhone 12 Pro Max, Apple is currently offering a $790 trade in value for your old phone. You’ll then be provided with Apple’s trade-in value for the phone. When asked if you have a smartphone to trade in with Apple, select “Yes,” select the trade in make and model, and confirm that the phone is in working condition. Keep in mind, also supports special carrier deals and trade-in offers directly from AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, and T-Mobile, so be sure to click or tap on the “Explore All Pricing and Special Deals” option (on the Apple website) before finalizing your purchase decision. Next, choose which cellular service provider you want to activate the phone with, or select the “Connect On Your Own Later.” To schedule a trade-in from, choose and configure the iPhone 13 model you want, and decide if you want to purchase the phone outright or pay monthly installments. Apple’s Trade-In Offers and Discount DealsĬurrently, Apple is offering between $110 and $790 for trade-ins of an iPhone 8 or newer. It offers a 6.7-inch display, comes in the same four casing color options as the iPhone 13 Pro, and has four internal storage options – 128GB ($1,099), 256GB ($1,199), 512GB ($1,399) and 1TB ($1,599). The iPhone 13 Pro Max is Apple’s new top-of-the-line smartphone. Buy iPhone 13 Pro and iPhone 13 Pro Max BUY FROM APPLE Apple’s iPhone 13 Pro Max Pricing ![]() ![]() ![]() Not that we would ever claim to be the most proficient practitioners of productivity. We’re just two normal, and quite different, people who get what we want done because we have built systems which support us. It is our hope that some of this experience can assist you with the same. Omnifocus Coupon Code? - Find Questions and Answers at Askives, the first startup that gives you an straight answer.Īfter parcelling out dribs and drabs of our workflows all through the book, we conclude the main text with more comprehensive views of our systems, again in the hope that it may be of use to you as you build yours.Promo codes 2013 Get and Share great free Coupons code, discount offer,latest special sale off and Saving Tip for Top brand stores. Discounts average $51 off with a The Omni Group promo code or coupon. 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Menu Skip to content The Omni Group Coupon Codes Promo Codes 2013. ![]() ![]() ![]() They roast Sunday through Thursday for an average of around 1,300 pounds of coffee each week. The last place we stopped was their roastery. It was so interesting to hear about their philosophy on finding good coffees and the process they go through to source different beans. They use a really cool Ikawa air roaster that I had never seen before for their tastings. They also use the tasting table to sample new coffees they are thinking about purchasing (while I was there they were sampling 20 different naturally processed options from Yemen). Every morning, at least two members of their quality assurance team taste the coffees roasted the day before to make sure they meet the MadCap standards. A view of the menu from the Fulton Street location of Madcap Coffeeįrom the café, we moved to their training & tasting area. It is a story of the farms, the roasters’ relationships with them, and the craft of growing/processing the coffee in a way that is profitable, sustainable and produces the best coffee available. The story and process of coffee is so much more than the black drink we enjoy. These types of stories are one of the main reasons why I love coffee. We discussed their relationships with coffee farms, the process of traveling to find new coffee and visit farms, and how MadCap handles pricing of the green coffee to make sure it is profitable and sustainable for the farmers. ![]() Most of their coffee relationships are perennial, like their relationship with Luis, which has been going on since 2010. While drinking it together, we discussed MadCap’s approach to buying coffee, which includes almost all direct relationships with the farmers. We started in their café and enjoyed a cup of a Colombian coffee from the farm of Luis Reinosoi, which was a beautifully complex cup of coffee with robust fruit and citrus notes. I met with Andrew Grassmick, their Roastery Manager, who has been with MadCap nearly since its inception in 2005. I learned a lot about Madcap, their approach to coffee and more. A few weeks back while visiting Grand Rapids, I had the awesome opportunity to go to Madcap Coffee and do a roastery tour at their Fulton Street location. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() However, if the item ordered is different from the item you receive, please contact us and we can arrange to get you the desired product. PHOTO CREDIT: EILEE CENTENO Rather than focusing on the next big thing in the music industry, Hillsborough-based Yep Roc Records scouts talent it believes in. If your order contains digital items you will receive a digital download link after checkout and it will also be sent to the email provided at checkout.Īll sales are final. Eilee Centeno - FebruYep Roc Records recently produced a new album by Mandolin Orange. If you choose to cancel, you will be refunded in full. However, if a product ordered is out of stock or on back-order, we will reach out and give you the chance to change or cancel your order. Our stock rapidly changes and we try and set in place a system that avoids purchasing items that become out of stock. Please note that option B may require additional shipping charges as multiple packages will be shipped. One of the greatest Country albums of all time, stone cold tear-starter. If you want you can read our essay on it. Probably my fave reissue of the year was Iris Dements Infamous Angel. Salvation Army (Live) 00:00 / 02:05 Digital Album Streaming + Download Includes unlimited streaming via the free Bandcamp app, plus high-quality download in MP3, FLAC and more. MK here just about to sign off until after Xmas. It can be done, it has been done, and these songs truly come alive once you hear them sung.with words In this case, Americas 1. LANARK RECORDS Digital Download, Eddie Angel NORTON RECORDS 459671, The Fleshtones and Los Straitjackets split 7 SINGLE YEP ROC Digital Download, Los.Please specify in the comments section of the checkout if you would like to: a) hold your entire order until it can be entirely fulfilled or, b) have the in-stock items shipped immediately and the pre-ordered items ship when available. 18 Yep Roc Records Retweeted monorail music MonorailMusic Redeye has won the National Association of Recording Merchandisers (NARM) Distributor of the Year Award 7 times (2000, 20022007). In addition, Redeye has two in-house labels: Yep Roc Records and Eleven Thirty Records. If your order contains pre-order items we will hold the package until all titles are available to ship. Redeye Distribution is an independent music distribution company founded in 1996 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. If your pre-ordered items are holding your package from arriving please email us with a request to ship the in-stock items and pre-orders when they become available. However, due to the nature of manufacturing and production, pre-order dates may change. We try and offer as many upcoming projects available for pre-order when the releases have moved into production. Order processing time is separate from shipping time requested. Online orders are processed within *3-4 business days or *7-9 business days depending on availability. Redeye is also a major distributor on the digital front, servicing all major DSPs such as iTunes, Spotify, YouTube and more.Important information when ordering with Order Processing Time 21, 8 p.m. They distribute music to chain stores such as Best Buy as well as every domestic one-stop distributor in the United States. Its network of international partners includes the finest retail partners from around the globe, touching every territory worldwide. Dig My Mood, issued in 1998, was the U.K. Yep Roc Records, custodian of NIck Lowes noteworthy catalogue, will expand and reissue a late 90s album of his this summer. Regardless of genre, the unifying element of the catalog is an overall commitment to quality. Farewell Farwell: Charles Mingus Last Works Chronicled in New Rhino Box Set. Redeye’s 5000-plus title catalog is representative of a wide range of the best independent music available. Buy Digital Album 4. Since then, Redeye has charted a course of steady, sustainable growth by developing a strong physical and digital distribution network both nationally and internationally and providing a multitude of services to our partners. Digital Album Streaming + Download Includes unlimited streaming via the free Bandcamp app, plus high-quality download in MP3, FLAC and more. Yep Roc Records yeproc 19.9K subscribers Website Home Videos Shorts Playlists Community Channels About New Releases Play all Fresh tunes from Yep Roc 3:57 For Me It's You Jobi Riccio. Redeye has won the National Association of Recording Merchandisers (NARM) Distributor of the Year Award 7 times (2000, 2002–2007).īased in Haw River, NC (near Raleigh/Durham/Chapel Hill), Redeye began in 1996 by focusing on the rich independent music of the southeast and providing the artists that made up the scene with a distribution option to give them access to all retail accounts located in their region. Redeye Distribution is an independent music distribution company founded in 1996 in Chapel ![]() ![]() Inoue learned civil engineering in London and returned in 1868 to his country, where he was appointed head of the Railway Bureau in 1871. He was a member of the Chōshū Five, a group of samurai who went to study in Britain in 1863, a few years before the collapse of the Tokugawa shogunate. Inoue Masaru was one of the leaders who supervised the project. None, however, worked without the oversight of Japanese officials. A Symbol of Japanese Modernizationĭuring the creation of Japan’s first railway line, foreign experts were involved in every aspect of the project, from laying the tracks to building the stations. Foreign personnel, most of them British, were hired to make the railway a reality. News about the plan spread rapidly, attracting investors overseas. Tokyo was the capital and center of political power, and nearby Yokohama was an important international settlement where hundreds of foreigners lived, including members of diplomatic missions and experts hired by the Japanese government to introduce Western methods and technologies. It was a natural choice for Japan’s first rail connection. Richard Brunton, a British railway engineer who had been appointed by the new government to build lighthouses, was among those who advised on plans to build a railway line between Tokyo and Yokohama. Negotiations to find the necessary investment began as soon as political power was formally restored to Mutsuhito, Emperor Meiji, in 1868. While foreign pressure on Japan to import the technology began in the 1850s, the first railway was not built until after the establishment of the Meiji government. For many intellectuals, sakoku-the period of general international isolation enforced by the Tokugawa rulers since 1635-diverted Japan from the natural paths of advancement followed by other countries, which benefited from the free exchange of knowledge. For members of the educated elite, it was a visible and persuasive argument that Japan was an undeveloped country, held back from the gates of technological progress by shogunate policies. This gift train played a part in fueling the public discontent that led to the downfall of the shogunate in the Meiji Restoration. He apparently climbed onto the roof to experience the train in motion himself out of a spirit of scientific inquiry. Kawada Hachinosuke described how he observed the vehicle, sketched it, and made notes for further study. One of the samurai who boarded the train, however, offered a different perspective in his own personal record. Hawks writes that at a later viewing, Japanese spectators were “unable to repress a shout of delight at each blast of the steam whistle.” Instead of getting inside, they ended up abandoning their dignity and riding on the roof, clinging on desperately with their loose robes flying in the wind as it spun around the track. This toy steam train immediately captivated the minds of the samurai.Īlthough the locomotive’s car was “so small that it could hardly carry a child of six years of age,” some of the officials who saw it running insisted on taking a ride. ![]() Among these treats there was a “Lilliputian locomotive, car, and tender” and a circular track just over 100 meters long. Hawks, who wrote the Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan, the Japanese were amazed by the artifacts that the US government sent as presents to the ruler of the island nation. On his 1854 return to the Edo area, Perry invited members of the shogunate to take a close look at the wonders of the West.Īccording to Francis L. US Commodore Matthew Perry’s brief 1853 visit-in which he handed over the American government’s demand that the shogunate open Japan up to trade-came a month before Putyatin’s. Among those present was Nakamura Kisuke, who later worked with the renowned inventor Tanaka Hisashige to construct a model based on what he observed. In July 1853, Yevfimiy Putyatin of the Russian navy made the first demonstration of a miniature steam engine to a small audience on his ship off Nagasaki. ![]() The origins of this train fever can be traced back more than 160 years. They have also become much loved as an iconic and reliable form of transportation. ![]() Trains have undoubtedly been one of the most transformative technologies in Japan’s history, dramatically changing the landscape of the country and its cities. ![]() |
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